Algebraic structures such as groups, rings and modules provide a rigorous framework for organising and manipulating mathematical objects. Graph theory, concerned with vertices connected by edges, has ...

The M-polynomial is a powerful algebraic tool that encodes structural information of molecular graphs and enables the derivation of numerous degree-based topological indices through algebraic ...

Mathematicians have derived exact closed-form topological descriptors for three families of giant benzenoid hydrocarbons, ...